Schizophrenia Essay. Words | 6 Pages. Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a debilitating mental disorder characterized by a dysfunctional thinking process and withdrawal from the outside world. The word schizophrenia comes from two Greek words schizo which means split and phrenia, which means mind · Schizophrenia Essay. Words | 6 Pages. Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a debilitating mental disorder characterized by a dysfunctional thinking process and withdrawal from the outside world. The word schizophrenia comes from two Greek words schizo which means split and phrenia, which means mind Essays About Schizophrenia A Study on The Mental Illness Schizophrenia and The Importance of Its Diagnostic. Schizophrenia is the most puzzling The History of Schizophrenia. The history of the study of schizophrenia has a long history and is of incredible interest A Case Study on The Mental
Schizophrenia - Words | Essay Example
Since antiquity mankind has been faced with the challenge of essays on schizophrenia with several psychological disorders as well as diseases, essays on schizophrenia. Most of the diseases and disorders interfere directly with the normal functioning of the body system, essays on schizophrenia. Many common disorders of adult life have been found to follow complex patterns of inheritance.
In order for a condition to be considered a psychiatric disorder, the mentioned manifestations must be experienced for over a fortnight. The research paper explores schizophrenia by providing a general overview, a comprehensive discussion of clinical synopsis, genetics and environmental factors in relation to schizophrenia, limitations of the methods of analyses, and a clear demonstration of analytical and conceptual approach.
It explains three genetic and two environmental factors associated with schizophrenia as well as available options for managing the disorder. Epidemiologically, it is a chronic and causes severe mental illness, harsh, and a brain-paralyzing disorder Frangou, Schizophrenia is usually characterized by illusions or the improper perception of what is otherwise real.
The individual suffering from schizophrenia has been found to constantly experience auditory delusions, thinking and talking in a haphazard way, and other different forms of hallucinations.
Schizophrenia usually confers important morbidity and disability about 1. Moreover, the patient exhibits cognitive discrepancies, antisocial tendencies, and flat affect. Most significant to note is that this mental illness can only be diagnosed using the personal experiences and overt behavior of the patient.
This is due to the fact that its laboratory test is yet to be discovered, essays on schizophrenia. Current research findings reveal that there is a strong evidence for a significant genetic link to schizophrenia Frangou, essays on schizophrenia Some of the genes that have been associated with incidences of schizophrenia include Neuregulin 1 NRG 1Disrupted in Schizophrenia DISC 1the DTNBP 1, the catechol-O-methyl transferase COMTCHRNA 7, and so on. It has been established through recent research that these genes have an impact on the several processes that regulate the synaptogenesis and connectivity of the neurons.
This process may play a role in the creation of subtle abnormalities in molecular aspects Williams et al. Consequently, it leads to inefficiency in the functioning of the brain system that causes the schizophrenic symptoms Frangou, Three of the major gene factors are discussed in the following paragraphs. Of all the known psychiatric diseases, schizophrenia remains to be one of the most devastating of them in some parts of the world.
A lot of resources have been essays on schizophrenia towards conducting research into the nature of the disease. However, recent studies have implicated a number of possible ways with neuregulin 1 NRG 1 gene also referred to as heuregulin Li et al, essays on schizophrenia. It has been established through a number of genome-wide scans essays on schizophrenia the NRG 1 is found at 8pp12 which is the best replicated connectivity loci for schizophrenia.
The NRG 1 gene is a pleiotropic growth factor and is crucial for the development and functioning of the nervous system Li et al. The gene plays a major role when it comes to modulating the migration of neural, gliogenesesis, synaptogenesis, essays on schizophrenia, neuronglia communication, myelinatuin, as well as transmission through essays on schizophrenia neurons in the brain and other body systems.
NRG 1 is a large and complex gene and spans about 1. Research findings released indicated that an association exists between NRG 1 and essays on schizophrenia as a result of positional mapping of a connection peak on the chromosome 8pin Icelandic families Savonenko, A. et al. Follow up investigations by other researchers have found the same results even though they have used family-based association designs Li et al, essays on schizophrenia.
However, essays on schizophrenia have found conflicting results particularly on the basis of race. In an attempt to reconcile the conflicting outcomes and to explain the genetic architecture that exists between NRG 1 and schizophrenia, the most recent meta-analysis uses the results for the most regularly analysed NRG 1 markers from both relevant associations based on population and or family.
Generally, it has been found from research that all of the six individual polymorphisms and the haplotypes at risk in NRG 1indicated a very strong and positive relationship with schizophrenia.
However, gene heterogeneity is the principle characteristic of the investigation of complex disorders Li et al. Some of the causes of heterogeneity could be the variety in demographic and clinical diagnosis. This study, however, was limited first by the lack of confidence in the samples used so as to avoid replication as well as due to genetic heterogeneity of schizophrenia.
Secondly, the results may have differed due to ethnic and varying geographical location causing variance in observed allele and especially frequencies of haplotype Li et al. A third explanation of the variations may be due to difference in sampling. Furthermore, environmental conditions may also affect results obtained. Essays on schizophrenia the above discussion, it is evident that research has proved that NRG 1 in one of the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and is a gene in the brain glutamine system Savonenko, essays on schizophrenia, Melnikova, Laird, Stewart et al.
This kind of knowledge is important to different fields; it has scientific implications, clinic and for the public good. At the dawn of the 21 st century, several new susceptibility genes for schizophrenia were determined. The detection was by achieved by conducting association studies, essays on schizophrenia.
For instance, dystrobrevin-binding protein 1 DTNBP1; chromosome location 6p In an attempt to replicate the studies, single-nucleotide polymorphisms of these genes were evaluated in three independent schizophrenia population case-control samples.
Some DTNBP1 and 3 GRM3 SPNs did not show significant associations to schizophrenia. The study concluded essays on schizophrenia variation in DTNBP1 gene may be a predisposing factor to a type of psychotic disease associated with increased negative symptoms Burdick, Lencs, Funke, Finn et al.
It supports the assertion that has existed before; that genetic factors do affect the clinical heterogeneity of schizophrenia as a psychotic disorder Narr, Szeszko, essays on schizophrenia, Lencz, Woods et al.
It is found at chromosome 15q, which is a region initially linked with schizophrenia. Researchers in the field of genetic association as well as mRNA7 expression investigations have implicated CHRNA7 in schizophrenia. The study findings indicate that the ratios of alpha7 to alpha7-like mRNA levels in bipolar disorder as well as essays on schizophrenia are much lower than that in essays on schizophrenia. The bipolar subjects show the highest magnitude of alteration.
This study can be of great importance. It is possible to measure the mRNA levels of alpha 7-nicotinic receptor subunit CHRNA7 separately from that of pseudo-gene CHRFAM7A. This can be done by quantitatively using sequence-specific fluorescent primers in real-time PCR De Luca et al. Essays on schizophrenia, CHRNA7 expression in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is not different between schizophrenia subjects, those with bipolar disorder or unaffected controls.
Moreover, the ratio of CHRNA7: CHRFAM7A mRNA levels do not differ in bipolar subjects particularly when compared to those subjects with schizophrenia or those unaffected controls. There are some limitations that are inherent in this particular case. Medical treatment, use of nicotine and agonal events can significantly change the levels of mRNA in human postmortem tissue. This can potentially confound disease effects.
Secondly, the expression of the ready functional mRNA transcripts of CHRNA7 and CHRFAM7A were not measured De Luca et al. On the hand, sample sizes for such studies are normally quite small due to the fact that it is difficult to get postmortem human brain tissue.
It has been found that the released person will react differently depending to the degree to which relatives verbalised criticism, hostility, or emotional over-engagement directed to the patient which is referred to as expressed emotion EE Kopelowicz et al.
This incident will result in relapse of the patient followed by rehospitalisation within one essays on schizophrenia of being released. Consequently, the finding has led to the development of meaningful family intervention attempts to essays on schizophrenia psychiatric patients especially those with schizophrenia recover and join the family upon being discharged from hospital.
Many researchers have ventured deeper with an aim of understanding the relationships among EE and the course of illness as well as its relation to relapse.
Interpersonal interaction between the patient and the rest of the family members or relatives is also of significance to researchers in this field, essays on schizophrenia.
They have also conducted cross-cultural research of families and how they contribute to the advancement in understanding the role of families as far as schizophrenia is concerned.
Culture has emerged to essays on schizophrenia very influential in shaping the how family members interact especially perception of illness and emotional reactions Kopelowicz et al. This study is important since it helps understand the relationship between EE and relapse, family interaction and relapse, and EE and family interaction. The findings also help families adjust to the needs of their patient without causing any relapse.
However, the conclusions from the study may not be generalisable due to the small sample use. Also, the study interviewed only one relative yet family interaction comprises of many people and hence the need for longitudinal study so as to capture different parties involved in the interaction network, essays on schizophrenia.
Substance abuse has been associated with schizophrenia especially the use of cannabis sativa, amphetamines as well as cocaine, essays on schizophrenia. Research findings reveal that more than half of those suffering from the disorder abuse drugs.
This is mainly because schizophrenia is characterised by depression, feeling lonely, and general anxiety Frangou, Cannabis is highly addictive and poses a great risk of psychotic illnesses.
Continued use of the drug increases the risk of developing schizophrenia. Many theories concerning schizophrenia have been put forward. Moreover, neurobiology which involves the study of the nervous system and the social and mental processes has been identified as playing essays on schizophrenia major role in the development of schizophrenia.
It is important, however, to note that the root causes of schizophrenia have not yet been fully established but continuous research has brought some sense of hope as far as its treatment is concerned Frangou, According to Frangou, modern antipsychotic medication is basically the foundation of known pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia Current antipsychotic medications seek to eliminate the symptoms associated with the schizophrenia and allow the patient to live a normal life in the society.
Although the older types of anti-psychotics are in use today, most current ones which include clozapine are very effective in the treatment of acute symptoms. For individuals who are genetically prone to this particular disorder, the use of some medicinal drugs or those that are meant to be used for recreational purposes may also be the cause or serve to enhance the rate of suffering from schizophrenia.
For example, clozapine reduces the number of white blood cells in the body hence causing an increase in the risk of infections, essays on schizophrenia. The side effects of using antipsychotic medication include improper vision, rashes on the skin, increased heartbeat, and can also affect monthly periods among females. The paper has presented a comprehensive discussion of schizophrenia. It has explored the two major causes which are: Genetic factors and environment.
The benefits of the studies as well as their weaknesses have also been highlighted. Under genetic, three genes have been discussed and include the NRG1, DTNBP1, and CHRNA7.
Environmental factors, on the other hand include family interaction and substance abuse. The paper has discussed the strategies for managing schizophrenia especially in the modern age where psychosocial treatment options are now becoming popular as traditional medications fail to bring relief to the patient.
Addington, J. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19 4 : Burdick, K. January Genetic variation in DTNBP1 influences essays on schizophrenia cognitive ability. Human Molecular Genetics, 15, 10 : De Luca, V.
February Regulation of alpha7-nicotinic receptor subunit and alpha7-like essays on schizophrenia expression in the prefrontal cortex of patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia- essay 4
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Essays About Schizophrenia A Study on The Mental Illness Schizophrenia and The Importance of Its Diagnostic. Schizophrenia is the most puzzling The History of Schizophrenia. The history of the study of schizophrenia has a long history and is of incredible interest A Case Study on The Mental Schizophrenia Essay. Words | 6 Pages. Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a debilitating mental disorder characterized by a dysfunctional thinking process and withdrawal from the outside world. The word schizophrenia comes from two Greek words schizo which means split and phrenia, which means mind · Schizophrenia Essay. Words | 6 Pages. Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a debilitating mental disorder characterized by a dysfunctional thinking process and withdrawal from the outside world. The word schizophrenia comes from two Greek words schizo which means split and phrenia, which means mind
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